Homosexuality and Erroneous Cognition: A Philosophical–Theological Inquiry Toward a Holistic Understanding of Human Sexuality

Abstract

Contemporary discussions on homosexuality are often shaped by sociopolitical movements, psychological theories, and cultural narratives that risk obscuring deeper anthropological and philosophical questions concerning human sexuality. This paper seeks to revisit prevailing understandings of homosexuality through an interdisciplinary approach that integrates philosophical inquiry, Indian theories of erroneous cognition, religious traditions, and Catholic theological anthropology. Drawing from classical Western philosophy, selected psychological and biological studies, and Indian philosophical accounts of error (khyāti), the study critically examines the conceptual foundations underlying contemporary interpretations of homosexual orientation and identity. Particular attention is given to the distinction between sexual inclination, behaviour, and identity, while situating human sexuality within its relational, unitive, and procreative dimensions. From a Catholic philosophical and theological perspective grounded in natural law and personalist anthropology, the paper argues that the absolutisation of sexual orientation as a defining identity reflects a partial and incomplete understanding of human sexuality. At the same time, the study emphasises the ethical and pastoral importance of empathy, respect, and compassion toward persons who experience same-sex tendencies. By engaging both Eastern and Western philosophical frameworks, this paper aims to contribute to a more nuanced, dialogical, and holistic discourse on human sexuality within contemporary theological and ethical debates.