Journal of Dharma

DIGITAL DARWINISM: THE SURVIVAL GAME OF AI AND ALGORITHMS

Mathew Attumkal — 2024-09-30

We are currently experiencing what I would call the third
phase of the Renaissance. The first phase, which began in the 15th
and 16th centuries, marked a revival in science, art, literature,
philosophy and religion, profoundly shaping human thought,
beliefs and culture. This intellectual and scientific awakening was
subsequently reinforced by the emergence of nanotechnology,
particularly in the realm of scientific advancements, which
pushed the boundaries of innovation. The second phase of this
evolution unfolded with significant developments in psychology
and environmental studies. Scholars developed a deep interest in
exploring the complexities of the human mind, inspired by the
works of Freud and other prominent psychologists. This period
also witnessed a growing understanding of gender dynamics,
fostering a greater awareness of equality and identity.
Simultaneously, an increasing scientific focus on environmental
preservation and the mysteries of ecosystems fueled a strong commitment to protecting nature and sustaining life on Earth,
thanks to the UN declarations on Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs). Now, we have entered the third phase—an era defined by
rapid technological advancements, particularly the rise of
Artificial Intelligence (AI), genetic algorithms and soft computing.
These innovations are transforming nearly every aspect of our
lives, from healthcare and finance to education and governance.
However, this technological revolution also raises a critical
question: Are we witnessing a new form of survival of the fittest,
where adaptability to AI-driven change determines who thrives
and who is left behind?

REDEFINING CREATIVITY: THE EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN MUSICAL INNOVATION

Xiahong Qiao — 2024-09-30

This article redefines creativity by examining the
implications of artificial intelligence on music production,
particularly in terms of ownership and copyright legitimacy. The
rise of AI has revolutionized music creation, enabling individuals
to compose music without traditional skills or prior knowledge,
thereby challenging fundamental legal principles such as
authorship and ownership. Ethical concerns regarding the
reliability of AI-generated music further complicate this evolving
landscape. The paper also explores how technology-driven
cultural sensitivity has transformed consumer behavior, drawing
on Roland Robertson’s theory of glocalization. The study’s
findings highlight that current copyright laws are insufficient to
regulate AI-driven music production, leaving critical legal
questions unresolved. While economic relationships in the music
sector remain defined, the research advocates for new legal
frameworks to safeguard human rights and creative freedoms in
the age of AI-enhanced music.

SIMULATING FEAR RESPONSES IN EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION (EC): A FEARISM APPROACH TO ADAPTIVE AI SYSTEMS

Ramala Sarma — 2024-09-30

In computer science, evolutionary computation (EC) is
a research area miming biological evolution through various
evolutionary algorithms (EA). Fearism is a philosophical
framework of recent origin developed predominantly by R.
Michael Fisher and Desh Subba that emphasizes the crucial role
of fear in shaping human behaviour, culture and social structures.
This research attempts to combine these two areas of study, EC
and fearism, to enhance the adaptability and decision-making of
artificial intelligence (AI) systems. By studying the theoretical
foundations of EC and fearism, the work proposes a new
approach to simulating fear responses within adaptive AI systems
that can respond to dynamic and unexpected situations of life in
a
human-like manner. The study finds that a nuanced
understanding of the ethical implications of fear in the context of
AI can help AI designers use fear as a constructive force in the
evolutionary processes. The study, however, does not claim to
provide any empirical models but a philosophical approach.

THE ETHICO-CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ALGORITHM-GENERATED MUSIC IN NIGERIA

Peter O. O. Ottuh, Doris Udoka Uti and Margaret A. Efurhievwe — 2024-09-30

AI technologies are increasingly shaping creative
processes in the music industry, raising critical ethical and
cultural questions about ownership, originality and the value of
human artistry. In Nigeria, the rise of AI-driven music presents
challenges in preserving cultural authenticity and protecting
intellectual
property rights amid rapid technological
advancements. This study critically examines the ethical and
cultural implications of AI-generated music within the context of
Nigerian music production. Using descriptive and evaluative
methods—including literature reviews, interviews, case studies
and content analysis—it explores industry perspectives, concerns
and the practical impact of these technologies. Findings reveal
that AI blurs the lines between human and machine creativity,
contributes to cultural homogenization and threatens job security
for musicians and producers. Additional ethical concerns include
potential loss of intellectual property and copyright protections.

THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INDIAN VILLAGES: TRANSFORMING ADR PRACTICES

Davis Panadan Varghese and Sini John — 2024-09-30

Access to justice is a fundamental right in India, yet
many, especially in rural areas, struggle with slow, expensive and
inaccessible court systems, leading to case backlogs. The
integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Alternative Dispute
Resolution (ADR) is transforming dispute resolution, offering
faster, cost-effective solutions. AI-powered ADR platforms,
supported by government digitalization initiatives, are set to
revolutionize access to justice. However, a strong regulatory
framework is essential to ensure fairness, transparency and
accountability. Addressing concerns like algorithmic bias and
data privacy is crucial for ethical implementation. If AI systems
adhere to higher standards of transparency and explainability,
they can enhance ADR governance. Despite challenges, AI
powered ADR holds immense potential to improve rural dispute
resolution, making justice more accessible, efficient and equitable.

THE ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION: A PHILOSOPHICAL AND LITERARY FUSION OF TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN GUIDANCE

Yiwen Guo — 2024-09-30

The technological advancements of the modern era have
significantly benefited the global community, fostering a
collaborative society aimed at promoting the well-being of the
world. While some view Artificial Intelligence (AI) as an
autonomous challenge or a potential threat to future generations,
capable of controlling everything, this work presents an
alternative perspective, highlighting AI as a privilege that
addresses critical issues from a global citizen’s standpoint. The
study further explores the philosophical implications of AI within
the educational sphere while emphasizing the importance of a
collaborative approach to tackling global challenges, particularly
in higher education, where AI tools and techniques are leveraged
to promote a more just world. This research also highlights the
concept of literary preservation in digital formats, ensuring
accessibility for future generations. In doing so, it delves into the
ethical dimensions of AI in education, particularly from the
perspective of community building. Furthermore, it critiques the
misuse of AI, especially when Assistive Technology (AT) is
replaced by more dominant, ruling technologies. The research
argues that machines themselves are not inherently harmful;
rather, it is their misuse for destructive purposes that leads to
negative consequences. Hence, the author proposes innovative methods to challenge and reshape the current discourse
surrounding AI and its impact on society.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE HUMAN MIND: PSYCHOLOGICAL INSIGHTS AND IMPLICATIONS

Binoy Checkonthayil — 2024-09-30

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming industries
and daily life, raising important questions about its relationship
with the human mind, particularly from a psychological
perspective. As AI integrates further into society, understanding
its impact on human cognition, emotions and decision-making
becomes particularly significant. AI technologies, such as
machine learning and neural networks, mimic human cognitive
functions like learning, problem-solving and decision-making,
offering insights into both AI and human cognition. However, AI
lacks emotional depth and ethical reasoning, emphasizing the
need to embed these aspects into its development. Emotional
intelligence (EI) is another critical area where AI's inability to truly
understand and respond to human emotions presents challenges.
The future of AI depends on designing systems aligned with
psychological principles to enhance human strengths, address
limitations and promote ethical outcomes. By prioritizing
responsibility and inclusivity, we can create technology that
complements rather than replaces human intelligence, fostering a
more ethical and beneficial integration.

AUTOMATED BONE AGE ESTIMATION USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - Boneage.io® - IN HEALTHY CHILDREN

Jeong Eun Moon and Yong Jin Cho — 2024-09-30

Bone age assessment is vital for diagnosing and
managing growth disorders. Traditional methods like the
Greulich & Pyle Atlas and Tanner-Whitehouse 3 (TW3) method
are either quick but less accurate or detailed but labor-intensive.
This study evaluates the accuracy and reproducibility of
Boneage.io®, a cloud-based AI solution using the TW3 method to
estimate bone age in healthy Korean children aged 6–13. A total
of 1,040 radiographs were analyzed; the results showed minimal
deviation between estimated bone age and chronological age,
with Cohen's D effect sizes of 0.021566 for boys and 0.026172 for
girls. Boneage.io® provides reliable, real-time monthly bone age
results, effectively addressing challenges of traditional methods
and demonstrates high accuracy and reproducibility for clinical
use.

Artificial Intelligence Versus Natural Intelligence

Feng Chen — 2024-09-30

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a relatively recent area of
study within philosophy, especially when compared to its long
established research in technology. AI gained prominence in the
1950s, initially framed as ‘computer machinery and intelligence’
within the concept of the imitation game, and its influence has
only grown over the decades. Today, the philosophy of science
has expanded its focus globally, with this book exploring the
comparison between artificial and natural intelligence. Roger
Penrose and Emanuele Severino engage in a dialogue at a
conference, discussing AI as a fascinating topic of the 21st century,
particularly in relation to the consciousness of machines and
humans. In addition, essays by Ines Testoni, Federico Faggin,
Mauro D’Ariano, and Giuseppe Vitiello, along with an
introduction by Fabio Scardigli, provide valuable insights into
various approaches to the debate. Central to these discussions is
the view that consciousness is inherent in actual intelligence. Key
questions arise, such as whether consciousness is a central focus
of research in technology and science, whether it functions as a
mirror—albeit often enigmatic—and the origins of consciousness
in animals and humans.

A Panoramic History of Traditional Chinese Ethics

Linfeng Zhu — 2024-09-30

Is there a period in the history of ethical thought that
most vividly captures humanity’s perception of morality? Can
traditional ethical concepts provide meaningful insights into
today’s economic, religious and political challenges? Yi-Ting Zhu
addresses these profound questions in A Panoramic History of
Traditional Chinese Ethics. This work explores the historical
narratives preserved in digital archives, reflecting the economic,
socio-political and religious conditions of ancient China.
Spanning from the West Zhou Dynasty (1046–771 BC) to the Qing
Dynasty (1616–1912), the book offers a comprehensive study of
traditional Chinese ethics. Originally written in Chinese, this
translated work consists of seven chapters, including an
introduction, a brief chronology of Chinese history and a
postscript. Beyond examining the development of Chinese ethical
thought, the book also draws comparisons between Chinese and
Western ethical traditions. Yi-Ting Zhu examines Chinese ethics
through sociological and ideological frameworks, tracing its
historical significance in contemporary discourse.