THE LOSS OF AUTONOMY UNDER TOP-LEVEL INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS: A STUDY ON THE BUDDHIST ECOSYSTEM IN KAIFENG CITY UNDER THE BUDDHIST MANAGEMENT POLICIES OF THE MING DYNASTY

Abstract

Drawing upon the dharmic legacy of previous generations, the Ming dynasty established management systems, such as the three-types-of-monk Buddhism policy and the administrative Taoist system. By focusing on Buddhism in Kaifeng city during this era, it becomes possible to delve into the specific implications of implementing these Buddhist management policies on Urban Buddhist temples. From a dharmic perspective, it becomes apparent that the implementation of religious management systems may veer significantly from the intended goals outlined during their formulation.