WAR, PEACE AND RELIGION
Metamorphosis of Shintō Goddess Jingū
Keywords:
Blood bond, Colonial policy, Empress Jingū, Puyŏ Shrine, State ShintōAbstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the way Empress Jingū, the goddess of the Japanese national religion Shintō, was re-examined and used as an ideology of the Japanese Empire during the Japanese colonial era in both Korea and Japan. Jingū, enshrined in Hachiman Shrine, is famous for the legend of the conquest of the Korean Peninsula with the help of other gods. During the Japanese colonial era, the Japanese Empire justified its rule by using the myth of Jingū, whose lineage had been forgotten for a long time, arguing that the goddess was of Korean descent. This was an instance of the subversion of religion for imperial expansion. Japanese Empire, in particular, promoted Jingū as a symbol of the union of blood between Korea and Japan in colonized Korea and constructed State Shintō Shrine, which enshrines Jingū. The intensified apotheosization of Jingū was used for Japan’s war of aggression, subverting Shinto’s original purpose of promoting life and peace. By doing so, the Japanese Empire attempted to religiously integrate Korea and the Korean people into the State Shintō system, thereby enabling itself to exploit human and material resources for wars under the guise of development and peace in East Asia.
References
Anonymous. “Hachiman Gudōkun.” Jisya Engi. Ann Ogihara Tatsuo. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1975. 170-205.
Ch’oe Namsŏn. “Tongdoyŏksŏgi Paekcheyumin(1)” [Interpretation of the history of the eastern capital. Paekche’s bereaved(1)] Maeil Sinbo, 18 November 1916.
Chosŏn Ilbo A. “Naesŏnilch’e ūi chŏngsinjŏk chŏndang puyŏsinsa ŏchoyŏng” [The spiritual hall that Japan and Korea are one body. Founding of Puyŏ shrine]. Chosŏn Ilbo, 19 March 1939.
Chosŏn Ilbo B. “Chungch’uwŏn hoeŭi kaech’oe” [Hold a Central Council Meeting]. Chosŏn Ilbo, 29 June 1939.
Goto, Yasushi. “A Study about Shrine City Plan and HUYO Shinto Shrine.”, Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 39(1998): 267-279.
Government-General of Korea. Chūtō kyōiku kokubun tokuhon [Japanese textbooks for secondary education] Vol. 2. Seoul: Chosŏn inswae chusik hoesa, 1930.
Government-General of Korea. Pot’ong hakkyo kuksa [elementary school history textbook] Vol.1. Seoul: Chosŏn inswae chusik hoesa, 1937.
Government-General of Korea. “Kunji Yōshi.” [Summary of instruction]. Government -General of Korea Bulletin No.3672, 19 April 1939.
Hagino, Yoshiyuki. Dokushi no syumi [Hobby to read history books]. Tokyo: Tōadōsyobō, 1915.
I Tongch’o “Hanbando munhwa Taekwan. [Korean peninsula culture overview.]” Taehan Hakhoe Wŏlbo [Monthly Report of the Korean Society] 2(1908): 38-44.
Jang, Shin. “Chosŏnchongdokpu hangmuguk p’yŏnjipkwa wa kyokwasŏ p’yŏnch’an. [Editorial Division, Academic Affairs Bureau, Goverment-General of Korea and Textbook compilation.]” Critical Studies on Modern Korean History 16(2006): 33-68.
Kang, Tŏksang. Nishikie no naka no Chōsen to Chūgoku: Bakumatsu Meiji no Nihonjin no manazashi [Korea and China in woodblock prints: as seen by the Japanese in the Bakumatsu-Meiji eras]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2007.
Kitagawa, Joseph M. “The Japanese ”Kokutai” (National Community) History and Myth.” History of Religions 13.3(1974): 209-226.
Kim, Hyosook A. “Tyûtôkyôikukokubuntokuhon(中等教育国文読本)” as a Media: Textbook Description by Editing, Excerpt, Concealment.” Japan space 26(2019): 87-112.
Kim, Hyosook B. ““The Tale of Genji(源氏物語)” in “Tyûtôkyôikukokubuntokuhon(中等教育国文読本)” published by the Goverment-General of Korea: Focusing on comparison with textbooks published in Japan.“ Journal of Japanese Language and Culture 53(2020): 195-212.
Kim, Young-ju A. “A Study of Medieval Japanese Myths: Focusing on Empress Jingu Mythology.” Foreign Literature Studies 72(2018): 183-204.
Kim, Young-ju B. “The Creation and Transformation of the Myth through visualization -Focusing on HachimanEngi Emaki-.” Journal of Japanese Language and Culture 53(2020): 175-193.
Komagome, Takeshi. (Translated by Oh Seong Cheol, Lee Myungsil, Kwon kyoung hee). Shokuminchi teikoku Nihon no bunka tōgō [Cultural integration of Japan, a colonial empire]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1996. Korean language edition, Seoul: Yuksabipyunsa, 2008.
Konoshi, Takamitsu. “Nihonshinwa no raireki: Kojiki to Nihonsyoki. [History of Japanese mythology: Kojiki and Nihonsyoki.]” Sōzōsareta koten: kanon keisei, kokumin kokka, Nihon bungaku [Created classic: Canon formation, Nation state, Japanese literature]. Ed. Haruo Shirane. Tokyo: Shinyosya, 1999. 178-212.
Lee, Jeong-Seon. Tonghwa wa paeche: Ilje ŭi tonghwachŏngch’aek kwa naesŏn’gyŏlhon [Assimilation and Exclusion: Japanese Empire’s Assimilation Policy and Japanese-Korean intermarriages]. Goyang: Yŏksabipyŏngsa, 2017.
Maeil Sinbo A. “Iwangseja ŏkyŏlhon. [Marriage of Crown Prince Lee.]” Maeil Sinbo [Daily News] 8 August 1916.
Maeil Sinbo B. “Ilsōn yōnggu ŭi sinŭi. [Eternal friendship between Japan and Korea.]” Maeil Sinbo, 8 August 1916.
Maeil Sinbo C. “Naesŏnin kyŏrhonbŏp taeryak haekyŏldoeyattako. [The Japanese-Korean marriage law has been roughly resolved.]” Maeil Sinbo, 27 April 1920.
Maeil sinbo D. “Puyŏsingung e chiwŏnbyŏng ch’ambae. [Volunteers visit Puyŏ Shrine.]” Maeil sinbo, 2 November 1940.
Ministry of Education of Japan. Jinjyō Syōgaku Kokukshi [elementary school history textbook]. Tokyo: Nihonsyoseki, 1927.
Mun, Heajin. Shinto Shrine of Colonized Joseon: Taking A Walk In Keiyo Shinto Shrine. Seoul: Minsokwon, 2019.
Nishida, Tomomi. Chi no nihonshisōshi [History of Japanese thought on blood]. Tokyo: Chikumasyobo, 2021.
Pyŏlgŏngon. “Hŭbyŏnsil” [Smoke room]. Pyŏlgŏngon, 33(1930): 43.
Research Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Nihongaikobunsho [Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy] Vol.3. Tokyo: U.N. Association of Japan, 1938-1940.
Shimazono, Susumu. Kokka Shintō to Nihonjin [the State Shintō and Japanese people]. Tokyo: Iwanamishoten, 2010. 1-29.
Shinjō, Toshio. “Chūsei Hachiman Shinkō no Ichi Kōsatsu [a study of medieval Hachiman faith].” Nihon Rekishi 321. Tokyo: Yoshikawakobunkan. 1975. 28-45.
Taehan Maeil Sinbo A. “Kyokwasŏ ŭi mangbalhan kuŏ” [thoughtless words in textbooks]” Taehan Maeil Sinbo, 27 October 1908.
Taehan Maeil Sinbo B. ”Yŏksa sinron” [A new theory on history]” Taehan Maeil Sinbo, 8 November 1908.
Tamura, Enchō. “The Lineage of the Divine Land Thoughts.” The Shien or the Journal of History 76(1958): 55-80.
Toneri Shinnō. Nihonshoki Vo.1 (New ed.). Ann. and Trans. Kojima Noriyuki, Naoki Kōjirō, Nishimiya Kazutami, Kuranaka Susumu, Mōri Masamor. Tokyo: Shogakukan, 1994. 399-497.
Tonga Ilbo. “Ilban kungmin chŏngsin ŭi angyang kwa kukka ch’ongryŏk ŭi palhwi koch’ang” [Raising of the general people’s thoughts and Demonstrate the total power of the nation]. Tonga Ilbo, 29 June 1939.
Tsukamoto, Akira. “The Role of the Empress Jingu Myth in Constructing Edo-era perceptions of Korea.” The Journal of history 79.6(1996): 819-851.
Uemura, Takashi. Shihei shōjō no rekishi [History of banknote portraits]. Tokyo: Tokyo Bijutsu, 1989.
Yang Ji-hye. “Mining and Environmental Pollution as ‘Slow Violence’ after the Colonial Period in Korea.” Critical Review of History 134(2021): 383-412.
Yeon, Min-Soo. “The Empress Jinggu (神功皇后) Legend shown/reflected/mirrored in Nishiki-e and the Image of Korean History.” The Society for Ancient Korean History 69(2013): 253-296.
Yun, Pyŏnggu. ”Hanil kwan’gye. [Korea-Japan relations.]” Taehan Maeil Sinbo, 14 January 1908.
